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Tons of Refrigeration to BTU per Hour

Tons of Refrigeration to BTU per Hour

Turns catalogue tonnage into the BTU/h capacity a mechanical schedule asks for, with packaged unit and chiller sizes and their design airflow.

Filling In the Capacity Column of an Equipment Schedule

A mechanical schedule names each unit in tons, because that is how manufacturers organise their catalogues and how the plans get marked up. The capacity column underneath, the selection software and the submittal that comes back from the supplier all speak BTU per hour. Every line of the schedule therefore carries the same number twice, in two units.

Conversion factor: 1 TR = 12,000 BTU/h exactly, so multiply the tonnage by 12,000. A 20-ton packaged unit on the roof plan is 240,000 BTU/h of total cooling, and at the customary 400 CFM per ton it wants 8,000 CFM across the coil.

What the Schedule Needs the BTU/h Figure For

Matching capacity to the block load

The load calculation comes out in BTU/h per zone. Comparing it against a catalogue tonnage means putting both onto one scale before you can claim the selection covers the peak.

Setting the design airflow

CFM is derived from tonnage, but it is the sensible part of the BTU/h figure that the air actually has to carry at the chosen supply temperature.

Sizing chilled water flow

At a 10 °F chilled water range one ton needs about 2.4 GPM, which falls straight out of 12,000 BTU/h divided by 500 × 10.

Reading performance tables

Manufacturer capacity tables are printed in MBH — thousands of BTU/h — against ambient and entering conditions, never in tons.

Working Down the Schedule Line by Line

A schedule is a repetitive document. The trick is getting each capacity right without reaching for a calculator between rows.

1

Enter the nominal tonnage from the tag

Type 7.5, 12.5 or 62.5 — decimals are ordinary in unitary sizes, and a comma is accepted in place of the point for anyone working on a European keyboard layout.

2

Drop the BTU/h into the capacity cell

The copy button gives the number alone, with no unit and no thousands spacing, so it lands in a schedule cell or a selection form already formatted the way the software expects.

3

Reverse it to check a submittal

When a supplier returns 118,000 BTU/h rated against your 10-ton line, press the swap button (↔) for BTU/h → TR and read 9.83 tons — the honest figure behind the nominal size.

4

Switch the right-hand unit for a foreign catalogue

Selecting kW on one side turns the same tonnage into the figure an imported air handler or a European chiller datasheet is written in, without leaving the page.

Nominal is a label, not a rating: 12,000 BTU/h per ton is exact arithmetic, but "10 ton" is a catalogue name. Certified capacity at design conditions can sit several thousand BTU/h either side of 120,000.

Packaged Unit and Chiller Sizes with Their Air Volumes

Standard catalogue capacities as they appear on a schedule, with the exact BTU/h behind them and the design airflow at the customary 400 CFM per ton.

Equipment Nominal capacity (TR) Total capacity (BTU/h) Airflow at 400 CFM/ton
Single-zone unit, small retail bay 3 TR 36,000 BTU/h 1,200 CFM
Packaged unit, restaurant dining room 5 TR 60,000 BTU/h 2,000 CFM
Constant-volume unit, office suite 7.5 TR 90,000 BTU/h 3,000 CFM
Packaged unit with economiser 10 TR 120,000 BTU/h 4,000 CFM
Two-compressor packaged unit 15 TR 180,000 BTU/h 6,000 CFM
Variable-volume roof unit 25 TR 300,000 BTU/h 10,000 CFM
Air-cooled scroll chiller with air handler 40 TR 480,000 BTU/h 16,000 CFM
Screw chiller serving an air handler bank 100 TR 1,200,000 BTU/h 40,000 CFM

The airflow column is a starting point rather than a rule: 400 CFM per ton suits general comfort work, humid coastal jobs are often designed nearer 350 so the coil pulls more moisture out, and dry climates or spaces dominated by lighting and equipment heat can run 450. On the water side that 100-ton chiller needs roughly 240 GPM at a 10 °F range, which is what sets the header diameter.

Habits That Save Time on a Long Schedule

Tonnage and BTU/h track each other as you retype

Both fields are live, so running 3, 5, 7.5 and 10 through the left box produces a whole column of capacities without a single click in between.

Back-check a supplier's rated capacity

The swap arrows turn a certified BTU/h figure into decimal tons, which is how you catch a machine that is really 9.6 tons wearing a 10-ton badge.

Every unit a datasheet might use

The searchable dropdowns hold kW, W and BTU/min alongside tons, so an imported chiller sheet and a domestic schedule can be reconciled in one place.

Values that paste into selection software

Copy hands over the digits with no unit and no separators, which is exactly what a capacity field in a selection program or a spreadsheet expects to receive.

Equipment Schedule Queries

Why does a nominal 10-ton unit not deliver exactly 120,000 BTU/h?

The tonnage in the model number is a size class. Certified capacity is measured at the AHRI test conditions — 95 °F outdoor air, with 80 °F dry bulb and 67 °F wet bulb entering the coil — and lands wherever that particular coil and compressor combination lands, commonly within about 5 % either side. Schedule the certified figure at your design ambient, not the badge.

Where does 400 CFM per ton come from, and when should I move off it?

It falls out of roughly a 20 °F supply air temperature difference across a coil handling a typical mix of sensible and latent heat. Move down towards 350 CFM per ton where humidity control matters, because colder, slower air condenses more moisture, and up towards 450 in dry climates or spaces dominated by lighting and equipment heat.

How much of the scheduled BTU/h is sensible capacity?

Total capacity splits into a sensible (temperature) part and a latent (moisture) part, and the sensible heat ratio gives the share. Comfort equipment typically sits between 0.75 and 0.85, so a 10-ton machine rated 120,000 BTU/h total at an SHR of 0.78 offers about 93,600 BTU/h of sensible cooling. Compare that against the sensible half of your load, not the total.

Can I size refrigerant lines and water pipe straight from the tonnage?

Only as a first pass. Split-system line sets come from the manufacturer's table for that model, capacity and equivalent length — a nominal 3-ton run commonly uses 3/4 in suction with 3/8 in liquid, a 5-ton 7/8 in suction — and long runs or a large vertical lift change the selection. Chilled water pipe is sized from flow rather than tonnage: take 2.4 GPM per ton at a 10 °F range and choose the diameter that keeps velocity in the sensible band.

How do compressor stages affect the capacity I can actually schedule?

A 15-ton machine built from two independent circuits does not give you any value you like between zero and 180,000 BTU/h — it gives roughly half and full, so the first stage is around 90,000. Four compressors produce quarter steps, and a variable-speed lead compressor fills the gaps continuously. Where a space spends most of the year at part load, the number of steps matters more than the headline tonnage.

TR
BTU/h

Catalogue Tonnages on a Schedule

5 TR=60,000 BTU/h
7.5 TR=90,000 BTU/h
10 TR=120,000 BTU/h
15 TR=180,000 BTU/h
25 TR=300,000 BTU/h
100 TR=1,200,000 BTU/h

Ton of Refrigeration (TR)

The size class printed on a unit tag and used to price commercial equipment. It also drives the rules of thumb a designer works to: roughly 400 CFM of supply air and about 2.4 GPM of chilled water for every ton.

BTU per Hour (BTU/h)

The capacity unit a schedule, a load calculation and a manufacturer's performance table all use. Catalogues often shorten it to MBH — thousands of BTU/h — so 120,000 BTU/h appears as 120 MBH.

Enter the nominal tonnage from the equipment tag — decimals like 7.5 and 12.5 are handled as typed
Hit the swap button (↔) to turn a supplier's certified BTU/h back into decimal tons
Choose kW on the right to read an imported chiller or air handler datasheet
Copy gives the bare digits for a schedule cell — the arithmetic never leaves your machine
Want to learn more? Read documentation →
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